§1. Nouns
§2. Adjectives
§3. Numerals
§4. Pronouns
§5. Verbs
§6. Participles
§7. Adverbs
§8. Prepositions, conjunctions, particles
§9. Syntax
§1. Nouns ⇑
Nouns are the words which signify any abstract or concrete entity and answer the questions: what is it? who is it? These words end with “-O”:
ptashkO (a bird)
koteshkO (a kitten)
medvedkO (a bear)
§1.1. Some distinguishes are made in denoting abstract and concrete entities: objects, living beings, substance, facts, phenomena, geographic points and actions, states, properties, quality.
Abstract and concrete entities, like objects, living beings, substances and so on are denoted differently.
§1.1.1. Nouns which mean “substance” (the matter which some object is made of) end with “-O”:
dravO (wood like a matter)
travO (grass, plants, flora)
zhalezO (substance)
§1.1.2. The noun which means an “object” (single specific thing or animal) ends with “-kO”:
dravkO (tree: birch, aspen)
travkO (lawn grass)
zhalezkO (object)
§1.1.3. Names of countries end with “-iO”:
IspaniO, RusiO, FransiO, ChehiO
§1.2. Nouns have no gender or declension.
§1.3. The plural is denoted by the ending “-i”:
ptashkO — ptashki
koteshkO — koteshki
medvedkO — medvedki
§1.4. Nouns have two cases:
Simple (nominative case) — words end with “-O”
Dependent (genitive case) — words end with “-A” (like an adjectives)
medvedkA travkO — the grass of a bear (but also, bear's grass)
§2. Adjectives ⇑
Adjectives denote feature or attribute of an object. Adjectives answer the questions: what? Adjectives end with “-A” correspondingly:
steklenA (sklo)
dravenA (drevené)
zelenA (zelené)
Adjectives go before nouns.
§3. Numerals ⇑
The numerals are the words denoting a number, amount, and order of things.
§3.1. Cardinal numerals:
nulo,
edno, dvi, tri, chotiri, peti, shesti, sedmi, osedmi, deveti, deseti
ednacati, dvinacati, trinacati, chotirnacati, petnacati, shestnacati, sedmnacati, osedmnacati, devetnacati,
dvideseti, trideseti, chotirideseti, petideseti, shestideseti, sedmideseti, osedmideseti, devetideseti,
sto, dvisto, tristo, chotiristo, petisto, shestisto, sedmisto, osedmisto, devetisto,
tisacho, dvi tisachi, tri tisachi…
miliono, dvi milioni, tri milioni…
miliardo, dvi miliardi, tri miliardi…
triliono, dvi trilioni, tri trilioni…
triliardo, dvi triliardi, tri triliardi…
§3.2. Ordinal numerals:
pervu (first), vtoru (second), tru (third), chotiru, petu, shestu, sedmu, osedmu, devetu, desetu
§3.3. Collective numerals:
ednu (one, solo), dvu (twain), tru (trio), chotiru, petu, shestu…
skolku (some)
nikolku (none)
vsi (all)
§4. Pronoun ⇑
Pronouns are the words used sometimes as substitutes for proper or common nouns, adjectives, numerals, and adverbs while referencing to objects or some features.
§4.1. Personal pronouns.
Singular and plural forms of personal pronouns are equal.
First-person — mi (I, we)
Second-person — vi (you)
Third-person — oni (he, she, it, they)
§4.2. A reflexive form (-self):
mi chitate sobi (I read for myself)
vi chitate sobi (you read for yourself)
§4.3. Possessive pronouns are the personal nouns which stand after the object of the possession:
ptashko mi (my bird)
kroshko oni (his baby)
§4.4. Demonstrative, indefinite, relative, distributive, and negative pronouns:
to (this, that, some; who, what, somebody, something, someone, someone’s, somewhere, sometime, somehow)
nito (nobody, nothing, nobody’s, not this)
ina (any, other, another)
de (where)
aka (how, which, when)
taka (this, such)
vsi (all, everything)
vseki (everybody, anybody)
§4.5. Interrogative pronouns.
Interrogative form of pronouns is constructing by the adding the particle “A?”. To construct the question the particle “A?” should be added to the end of sentence.
to, a?
ni to, a?
de, a?
aka, a?
§5. Verbs ⇑
The verbs are the words signifying actions and states. Verbs are used to answer the questions: What do you do? What will you do? Verbs end with “-E”:
E (to be)
matE (to have)
datE (to give)
chitatE (to read)
pitE (to drink)
edatE (to eat)
gledatE (to watch)
hodetE (to go)
Verbs are always placed after nouns.
§5.1. The verb tenses (present, past, future) are constructed by the addition of auxiliary words — “TA” for the past tense, “BU” for the future tense:
vstavate ta (woke up)
vstavate (wake up)
vstavate bu (will wake up)
§5.2. Reflexive form of verbs end with “-TESE”:
kupaTESE
boroTESE
§5.3. Impersonal verbs end with “-TSE”:
smerkaTSE
svetaTSE
§5.4. Subjunctive mood is formed with particle “BA”:
popite ba (I’d like to drink)
hodete ba (I’d like to read)
§5.5. There is no imperative mood.
§5.6. Verbs have no conjugations.
§5.7. No any distinguishes can be made between transitive and intransitive verbs in Slovko.
§6. Participle ⇑
Participle in Slovko is the special form of verb. It has the both features of the verb and the adjective. It is formed from the verb by adding “-ESE”:
poetESE glotko (singing singer)
letESE samoletko (flying plane,
compare with: samoletko lete — the plane flies)
Participle is always placed before noun. But as participle stands before noun and the verb stands after noun, two possibilities emerge:
poetese glotko hripe
1. the singing singer was hoarse
2. the singer was hoarse while singing
letese samoletko sverkate
1. the flying plane is shining
2. the plane shines while flying
§7. Adverb ⇑
Adverbs are immutable words which sign action or state. Adverbs answer the questions: how? where? when? why? in what way? for what purpose? to what extent?
§7.1. Adverbs mostly end with “-U”:
tU (direction: here, there, now)
nitU (not here, not now)
vsidU (always, everywhere)
edinU (together)
umestU (instead of)
mnozhkU, nimalU (a lot of, plenty of, much, many)
malU, nimnozhkU (a little, a few, very little, very few)
slozhenU (hard)
nislozhenU (simply)
skolkU (something)
nikolkU (nothing)
kodU (when)
nikodU (never)
inodU (sometimes)
peredU (before, forward, front)
zadU (behind, back)
verhU (up, upwards, upstairs)
nizU (down, downwards, downstairs)
seredU (middle [in the center])
okolU (around, about)
mezhU (between)
tomU (to this, to that, that is why, because, because of)
chomU (why)
zachomU (why, what for)
trebU (must be, necessary to, required)
tokU (only)
bistrU (fast)
dolgU (long, protractedly)
umirnU (calm)
tihU (quietly, quiet)
glasnU (loud, louder)
soglasnU (agreeably, in accordance with)
vazhnU (important)
dobrU (good, well)
nidobrU (bad, not good, amiss)
protU (contrary, opposite, disagree)
niprotU (agree)
§7.2. Comparative adjectives/adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding “-EA”, combining “-E” from verbs and “-A” from adjectives (zelenA — zelenEA). In some irregular cases, the auxiliary word “bolEA” is used (svetla — bolEA svetla):
bolEA (larger, more)
menEA (less)
ranEA (before, earlier)
poznEA (then, later)
dalEA (further, next)
bistrEA (faster)
dolgEA (longer)
§8. Prepositions, conjunctions, and particles ⇑
tak (consent: yes, right, ok)
ni (negation or objection: not, no)
bez (without)
u (position: in, at)
u (what)
na (on)
s (with)
za (for)
do (to, till)
iza (from)
i (conjunction: and)
ili (conjunction: or)
ali (conjunction: but)
ako … to (if … then, as … as)
taku (conjunction: so)
takozhu (conjunction: also, as well as)
protu (preposition: against, despite of)
vdovolu (interjection: enough)
stopu (interjection: stop, stay still)
§9. Syntax ⇑
Syntax is free, but in some complex cases more strict order is preferable, specifically “who — what did — whom with/to — how/why” (object — action — subject — addition).
Adjectives are placed before the noun they modify.
Adverbs are placed before noun.
Verbs are placed after noun.
Possessive pronouns are placed after the object of possession.
Alphabet ⇑
In the Slovko it is used two alphabets: latin and cyrillics.
The alphabet of the Slovko consists of 25 letters.
a — а
b — б
c — ц
ch — ч
d — д
e — е (е, э)
f — ф
g — г
h — х
i — и
j — й
k — к
l — л
m — м
n — н
o — о
p — п
r — р
s — с
sh — ш
t — т
u — у
v — в
z — з
zh — ж